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Appendix A
Reference Material

A.1 Basic Logic Gates

  1. AND gate (page 167)

    PIC

    x
    y
    x ⋅ y
    0
    0
    0
    0
    1
    0
    1
    0
    0
    1
    1
    1

  2. OR gate (page 167)

    PIC

    x
    y
    x + y
    0
    0
    0
    0
    1
    1
    1
    0
    1
    1
    1
    1

  3. NOT gate (page 169)

    PIC

    x
    x′
    0
    0
    0
    1

  4. NAND gate (page 276)

    PIC

    x
    y
    (x ⋅ y)′
    0
    0
    1
    0
    1
    1
    1
    0
    1
    1
    1
    0

  5. NOR gate (page 276)

    PIC

    x
    y
    (x + y)′
    0
    0
    1
    0
    1
    0
    1
    0
    0
    1
    1
    0

A.2 Register Names

(page 452)

bits 63-0

bits 31-0

bits 15-0

bits 15-8

bits 7-0

rax

eax

ax

ah

al

rbx

ebx

bx

bh

bl

rcx

ecx

cx

ch

cl

rdx

edx

dx

dh

dl

rsi

esi

si

sil

rdi

edi

di

dil

rbp

ebp

bp

bpl

rsp

esp

sp

spl

r8

r8d

r8w

r8b

r9

r9d

r9w

r9b

r10

r10d

r10w

r10b

r11

r11d

r11w

r11b

r12

r12d

r12w

r12b

r13

r13d

r13w

r13b

r14

r14d

r14w

r14b

r15

r15d

r15w

r15b

A.3 Argument Order in Registers

(page 548)

Argument Register
first rdi
second rsi
third rdx
fourth rcx
fifth r8
sixth r9

A.4 Register Usage

(page 469)

Register

Special usage

Called function preserves contents
rax

1st function return value.

No
rbx

Optional base pointer.

Yes
rcx

Pass 4th argument to function.

No
rdx

Pass 3rd argument to function; 2nd function return value.

No
rsp

Stack pointer.

Yes
rbp

Optional frame pointer.

Yes
rdi

Pass 1st argument to function.

No
rsi

Pass 2nd argument to function.

No
r8

Pass 5th argument to function.

No
r9

Pass 6th argument to function.

No
r10

Pass function’s static chain pointer.

No
r11

No
r12

Yes
r13

Yes
r14

Yes
r15

Yes

A.5 Assembly Language Instructions Used in This Book

This summary shows the assembly language instructions used in this book. The page number where the instruction is explained in more detail, is also given. This book provides only an introduction to the usage of each instruction. You need to consult the manuals ([2] – [6], [14] – [18]) in order to learn all the possible uses of the instructions.

data movement:
opcode source destination action page
cbtw convert byte to word, al → ax 696
cwtl convert word to long, ax → eax 696
cltq convert long to quad, eax → rax 696
cwtd convert word to long, ax → dx:ax 786
cltd convert long to quad, eax → edx:eax 786
cqto convert quad to octuple, rax → rdx:rax 786
cmovcc %reg/mem %reg conditional move 706
movs $imm/%reg %reg/mem move 506
movs %reg/mem %reg move 506
movsss $imm/%reg %reg/mem move, sign extend 693
movzss $imm/%reg %reg/mem move, zero extend 693
popw %reg/mem pop from stack 566
pushw $imm/%reg/mem push onto stack 566
s = b, w, l, q; w = l, q; cc = condition codes

program flow control:
opcode location action page
call label call function 546
iret return from kernel function 875
ja label jump above (unsigned) 683
jae label jump above/equal (unsigned) 683
jb label jump below (unsigned) 683
jbe label jump below/equal (unsigned) 683
je label jump equal 679
jg label jump greater than (signed) 686
jge label jump greater than/equal (signed) 686
jl label jump less than (signed) 686
jle label jump less than/equal (signed) 686
jmp label jump 691
jne label jump not equal 679
jno label jump no overflow 679
jcc label jump on condition codes 679
leave undo stack frame 580
ret return from function 583
syscall call kernel function 587
sysret return from kernel function 880
cc = condition codes

arithmetic/logic:
opcode source destination action page
adds $imm/%reg %reg/mem add 607
adds mem %reg add 607
ands $imm/%reg %reg/mem bit-wise and 747
ands mem %reg bit-wise and 747
cmps $imm/%reg %reg/mem compare 676
cmps mem %reg compare 676
decs %reg/mem decrement 699
divs %reg/mem unsigned divide 777
idivs %reg/mem signed divide 784
imuls %reg/mem signed multiply 775
incs %reg/mem increment 698
leaw mem %reg load effective address 579
muls %reg/mem unsigned multiply 769
negs %reg/mem negate 789
ors $imm/%reg %reg/mem bit-wise inclusive or 747
ors mem %reg bit-wise inclusive or 747
sals $imm/%cl %reg/mem shift arithmetic left 756
sars $imm/%cl %reg/mem shift arithmetic right 751
shls $imm/%cl %reg/mem shift left 756
shrs $imm/%cl %reg/mem shift right 751
subs $imm/%reg %reg/mem subtract 612
subs mem %reg subtract 612
tests $imm/%reg %reg/mem test bits 676
tests mem %reg test bits 676
xors $imm/%reg %reg/mem bit-wise exclusive or 747
xors mem %reg bit-wise exclusive or 747
s = b, w, l, q; w = l, q

SSE floating point conversion:
opcode source destination action page
cvtsd2si %xmmreg/mem %reg scalar double to signed integer 845
cvtsd2ss %xmmreg %xmmreg/%reg scalar double to single float 845
cvtsi2sd %reg %xmmreg/mem signed integer to scalar double 845
cvtsi2sdq %reg %xmmreg/mem signed integer to scalar double 845
cvtsi2ss %reg %xmmreg/mem signed integer to scalar single 845
cvtsi2ssq %reg %xmmreg/mem signed integer to scalar single 845
cvtss2sd %xmmreg %xmmreg/mem scalar single to scalar double 845
cvtss2si %xmmreg/mem %reg scalar single to signed integer 845
cvtss2siq %xmmreg/mem %reg scalar single to signed integer 845

x87 floating point:
opcode source destination action page
fadds memfloat add 859
faddp add/pop 859
fchs change sign 859
fcoms memfloat compare 859
fcomp compare/pop 859
fcos cosine 859
fdivs memfloat divide 859
fdivp divide/pop 859
filds memint load integer 859
fists memint store integer 859
flds memint load floating point 859
fmuls memfloat multiply 859
fmulp multiply/pop 859
fsin sine 859
fsqrt square root 859
fsts memint floating point store 859
fsubs memfloat subtract 859
fsubp subtract/pop 859
s = b, w, l, q; w = l, q

A.6 Addressing Modes

____________________________________________________________

register direct:

The data value is located in a CPU register.

syntax: name of the register with a “%” prefix.

example: movl    %eax, %ebx

immediate data:

The data value is located immediately after the instruction. Source operand only.

syntax: data value with a “$” prefix.

example: movl    $0xabcd1234, %ebx

base register plus offset:

The data value is located in memory. The address of the memory location is the sum of a value in a base register plus an offset value.

syntax: use the name of the register with parentheses around the name and the offset value immediately before the left parenthesis.

example: movl    $0xaabbccdd, 12(%eax)

rip-relative:

The target is a memory address determined by adding an offset to the current address in the rip register.

syntax: a programmer-defined label

example: je     somePlace

indexed:

The data value is located in memory. The address of the memory location is the sum of the value in the base_register plus scale times the value in the index_register, plus the offset.

syntax: place parentheses around the comma separated list (base_register, index_register, scale) and preface it with the offset.

example: movl    $0x6789cdef, -16(%edx, %eax, 4)

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