Copyright notice
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Listings
Preface
Preface
Assumed Background
Additional Resources
Learning from this Book
Development Environment
Organization of the Book
Suggested Usage
Production of the Book
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction
1.1 Computer Subsystems
1.2 How the Subsystems Interact
2 Data Storage Formats
2.1 Bits and Groups of Bits
2.2 Mathematical Equivalence of Binary and Decimal
2.3 Unsigned Decimal to Binary Conversion
2.4 Memory — A Place to Store Data (and Other Things)
2.5 Using C Programs to Explore Data Formats
2.6 Examining Memory With gdb
2.7 ASCII Character Code
2.8 write and read Functions
2.9 Exercises
3 Computer Arithmetic
3.1 Addition and Subtraction
3.2 Arithmetic Errors — Unsigned Integers
3.3 Arithmetic Errors — Signed Integers
3.4 Overﬂow and Signed Decimal Integers
3.5 C/C++ Basic Data Types
3.6 Other Codes
3.7 Exercises
4 Logic Gates
4.1 Boolean Algebra
4.2 Canonical (Standard) Forms
4.3 Boolean Function Minimization
4.4 Crash Course in Electronics
4.5 NAND and NOR Gates
4.6 Exercises
5 Logic Circuits
5.1 Combinational Logic Circuits
5.2 Programmable Logic Devices
5.3 Sequential Logic Circuits
5.4 Designing Sequential Circuits
5.5 Memory Organization
5.6 Exercises
6 Central Processing Unit
6.1 CPU Overview
6.2 CPU Registers
6.3 CPU Interaction with Memory and I/O
6.4 Program Execution in the CPU
6.5 Using gdb to View the CPU Registers
6.6 Exercises
7 Programming in Assembly Language
7.1 Creating a New Program
7.2 Program Organization
7.3 Assemblers and Linkers
7.4 Creating a Program in Assembly Language
7.5 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
7.6 Exercises
8 Program Data – Input, Store, Output
8.1 Calling write in 64-bit Mode
8.2 Introduction to the Call Stack
8.3 Viewing the Call Stack
8.4 Local Variables on the Call Stack
8.5 Designing the Local Variable Portion of the Call Stack
8.6 Using syscall to Perform I/O
8.7 Calling Functions, 32-Bit Mode
8.8 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
8.9 Exercises
9 Computer Operations
9.1 The Assignment Operator
9.2 Addition and Subtraction Operators
9.3 Introduction to Machine Code
9.4 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
9.5 Exercises
10 Program Flow Constructs
10.1 Repetition
10.2 Binary Decisions
10.3 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
10.4 Exercises
11 Writing Your Own Functions
11.1 Overview of Passing Arguments
11.2 More Than Six Arguments, 64-Bit Mode
11.3 Interface Between Functions, 32-Bit Mode
11.4 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
11.5 Exercises
12 Bit Operations; Multiplication and Division
12.1 Logical Operators
12.2 Shifting Bits
12.3 Multiplication
12.4 Division
12.5 Negating Signed ints
12.6 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
12.7 Exercises
13 Data Structures
13.1 Arrays
13.2 structs (Records)
13.3 structs as Function Arguments
13.4 Structs as C++ Objects
13.5 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
13.6 Exercises
14 Fractional Numbers
14.1 Fractions in Binary
14.2 Fixed Point ints
14.3 Floating Point Format
14.4 IEEE 754
14.5 Floating Point Hardware
14.6 Comments About Numerical Accuracy
14.7 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
14.8 Exercises
15 Interrupts and Exceptions
15.1 Hardware Interrupts
15.2 Exceptions
15.3 Software Interrupts
15.4 CPU Response to an Interrupt or Exception
15.5 Return from Interrupt/Exception
15.6 The syscall and sysret Instructions
15.7 Summary
15.8 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
15.9 Exercises
16 Input/Output
16.1 Memory Timing
16.2 I/O Device Timing
16.3 Bus Timing
16.4 I/O Interfacing
16.5 I/O Ports
16.6 Programming Issues
16.7 Interrupt-Driven I/O
16.8 I/O Instructions
16.9 Exercises
A Reference Material
A.1 Basic Logic Gates
A.2 Register Names
A.3 Argument Order in Registers
A.4 Register Usage
A.5 Assembly Language Instructions Used in This Book
A.6 Addressing Modes
B Using GNU make to Build Programs
C Using the gdb Debugger for Assembly Language
D Embedding Assembly Code in a C Function
E Exercise Solutions
E.2 Data Storage Formats
E.3 Computer Arithmetic
E.4 Logic Gates
E.5 Logic Circuits
E.6 Central Processing Unit
E.7 Programming in Assembly Language
E.8 Program Data – Input, Store, Output
E.9 Computer Operations
E.10 Program Flow Constructs
E.11 Writing Your Own Functions
E.12 Bit Operations; Multiplication and Division
E.13 Data Structures
E.14 Fractional Numbers
E.15 Interrupts and Exceptions
Bibliography
Bibliography
Index
Index

The author has used his best eﬀorts in preparing this book. The author makes no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to the programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author shall not be liable in any event from incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs.

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