Preface
1 Introduction
 1.1 Computer Subsystems
 1.2 How the Subsystems Interact
2 Data Storage Formats
 2.1 Bits and Groups of Bits
 2.2 Mathematical Equivalence of Binary and Decimal
 2.3 Unsigned Decimal to Binary Conversion
 2.4 Memory — A Place to Store Data (and Other Things)
 2.5 Using C Programs to Explore Data Formats
 2.6 Examining Memory With gdb
 2.7 ASCII Character Code
 2.8 write and read Functions
 2.9 Exercises
3 Computer Arithmetic
 3.1 Addition and Subtraction
 3.2 Arithmetic Errors — Unsigned Integers
 3.3 Arithmetic Errors — Signed Integers
 3.4 Overflow and Signed Decimal Integers
  3.4.1 The Meaning of CF and OF
 3.5 C/C++ Basic Data Types
  3.5.1 C/C++ Shift Operations
  3.5.2 C/C++ Bit Operations
  3.5.3 C/C++ Data Type Conversions
 3.6 Other Codes
  3.6.1 BCD Code
  3.6.2 Gray Code
 3.7 Exercises
4 Logic Gates
 4.1 Boolean Algebra
 4.2 Canonical (Standard) Forms
 4.3 Boolean Function Minimization
  4.3.1 Minimization Using Algebraic Manipulations
  4.3.2 Minimization Using Graphic Tools
 4.4 Crash Course in Electronics
  4.4.1 Power Supplies and Batteries
  4.4.2 Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors
  4.4.3 CMOS Transistors
 4.5 NAND and NOR Gates
 4.6 Exercises
5 Logic Circuits
 5.1 Combinational Logic Circuits
  5.1.1 Adder Circuits
  5.1.2 Ripple-Carry Addition/Subtraction Circuits
  5.1.3 Decoders
  5.1.4 Multiplexers
 5.2 Programmable Logic Devices
  5.2.1 Programmable Logic Array (PLA)
  5.2.2 Read Only Memory (ROM)
  5.2.3 Programmable Array Logic (PAL)
 5.3 Sequential Logic Circuits
  5.3.1 Clock Pulses
  5.3.2 Latches
  5.3.3 Flip-Flops
 5.4 Designing Sequential Circuits
 5.5 Memory Organization
  5.5.1 Registers
  5.5.2 Shift Registers
  5.5.3 Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)
  5.5.4 Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
 5.6 Exercises
6 Central Processing Unit
 6.1 CPU Overview
 6.2 CPU Registers
 6.3 CPU Interaction with Memory and I/O
 6.4 Program Execution in the CPU
 6.5 Using gdb to View the CPU Registers
 6.6 Exercises
7 Programming in Assembly Language
 7.1 Creating a New Program
 7.2 Program Organization
  7.2.1 First instructions
  7.2.2 A Note About Syntax
  7.2.3 The Additional Assembly Language Generated by the Compiler
  7.2.4 Viewing Both the Assembly Language and C Source Code
  7.2.5 Minimum Program in 32-bit Mode
 7.3 Assemblers and Linkers
  7.3.1 Assemblers
  7.3.2 Linkers
 7.4 Creating a Program in Assembly Language
 7.5 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
  7.5.1 Instructions
 7.6 Exercises
8 Program Data – Input, Store, Output
 8.1 Calling write in 64-bit Mode
 8.2 Introduction to the Call Stack
 8.3 Viewing the Call Stack
 8.4 Local Variables on the Call Stack
  8.4.1 Calling printf and scanf in 64-bit Mode
 8.5 Designing the Local Variable Portion of the Call Stack
 8.6 Using syscall to Perform I/O
 8.7 Calling Functions, 32-Bit Mode
 8.8 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
  8.8.1 Instructions
  8.8.2 Addressing Modes
 8.9 Exercises
9 Computer Operations
 9.1 The Assignment Operator
 9.2 Addition and Subtraction Operators
 9.3 Introduction to Machine Code
  9.3.1 Assembler Listings
  9.3.2 General Format of Instructions
  9.3.3 REX Prefix Byte
  9.3.4 ModRM Byte
  9.3.5 SIB Byte
  9.3.6 The mov Instruction
  9.3.7 The add Instruction
 9.4 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
  9.4.1 Instructions
  9.4.2 Addressing Modes
 9.5 Exercises
10 Program Flow Constructs
 10.1 Repetition
  10.1.1 Comparison Instructions
  10.1.2 Conditional Jumps
  10.1.3 Unconditional Jump
  10.1.4 while Loop
 10.2 Binary Decisions
  10.2.1 Short-Circuit Evaluation
  10.2.2 Conditional Move
 10.3 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
  10.3.1 Instructions
  10.3.2 Addressing Modes
 10.4 Exercises
11 Writing Your Own Functions
 11.1 Overview of Passing Arguments
 11.2 More Than Six Arguments, 64-Bit Mode
 11.3 Interface Between Functions, 32-Bit Mode
 11.4 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
  11.4.1 Instructions
  11.4.2 Addressing Modes
 11.5 Exercises
12 Bit Operations; Multiplication and Division
 12.1 Logical Operators
 12.2 Shifting Bits
 12.3 Multiplication
 12.4 Division
 12.5 Negating Signed ints
 12.6 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
  12.6.1 Instructions
  12.6.2 Addressing Modes
 12.7 Exercises
13 Data Structures
 13.1 Arrays
 13.2 structs (Records)
 13.3 structs as Function Arguments
 13.4 Structs as C++ Objects
 13.5 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
  13.5.1 Instructions
  13.5.2 Addressing Modes
 13.6 Exercises
14 Fractional Numbers
 14.1 Fractions in Binary
 14.2 Fixed Point ints
 14.3 Floating Point Format
 14.4 IEEE 754
 14.5 Floating Point Hardware
  14.5.1 SSE2 Floating Point
  14.5.2 x87 Floating Point Unit
  14.5.3 3DNow! Floating Point
 14.6 Comments About Numerical Accuracy
 14.7 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
  14.7.1 Instructions
  14.7.2 Addressing Modes
 14.8 Exercises
15 Interrupts and Exceptions
 15.1 Hardware Interrupts
 15.2 Exceptions
 15.3 Software Interrupts
 15.4 CPU Response to an Interrupt or Exception
 15.5 Return from Interrupt/Exception
 15.6 The syscall and sysret Instructions
 15.7 Summary
 15.8 Instructions Introduced Thus Far
  15.8.1 Instructions
  15.8.2 Addressing Modes
 15.9 Exercises
16 Input/Output
 16.1 Memory Timing
 16.2 I/O Device Timing
 16.3 Bus Timing
 16.4 I/O Interfacing
 16.5 I/O Ports
 16.6 Programming Issues
 16.7 Interrupt-Driven I/O
 16.8 I/O Instructions
 16.9 Exercises
A Reference Material
 A.1 Basic Logic Gates
 A.2 Register Names
 A.3 Argument Order in Registers
 A.4 Register Usage
 A.5 Assembly Language Instructions Used in This Book
 A.6 Addressing Modes
B Using GNU make to Build Programs
C Using the gdb Debugger for Assembly Language
D Embedding Assembly Code in a C Function
E Exercise Solutions
 E.2 Data Storage Formats
 E.3 Computer Arithmetic
 E.4 Logic Gates
 E.5 Logic Circuits
 E.6 Central Processing Unit
 E.7 Programming in Assembly Language
 E.8 Program Data – Input, Store, Output
 E.9 Computer Operations
 E.10 Program Flow Constructs
 E.11 Writing Your Own Functions
 E.12 Bit Operations; Multiplication and Division
 E.13 Data Structures
 E.14 Fractional Numbers
 E.15 Interrupts and Exceptions
Bibliography
Index